Exam practice

The internet is a worldwide network of networks: millions of computer networks joined so that their computers can send each other data. The World Wide Web is a collection of pages joined by links, which are kept on servers and opened in a browser. The web is one of many things that use the internet.

• Not the web (any two): a video call, a voice message on a chat app, an email sent from an email app, an online game in a game app.
• The web: reading a news page or a Wikipedia article in a browser, and tapping its links.

• i.The page is sent scrambled (secure), so nobody on the way can read it.
• ii.The domain is www.example-school.edu.np. The ending .edu.np is for schools and colleges in Nepal (.np is Nepal’s ending).
• iii./results/grade-6.
• iv.No. https means only that the page is scrambled on its way; a fake website can use https too. To decide whether to trust it, look at who owns the domain and check the information elsewhere.

A better search: Chitwan National Park animals (or Chitwan National Park wildlife list).
It keeps only the key words that name exactly what she wants. Words like what, are, the, please and tell me are on almost every page, so they don’t help the search engine find the right ones, and they can push useful pages down.

An ad is marked with a small label such as Sponsored or Ad, and ads usually come at the top (sometimes also at the bottom). A result has no such label.
It matters because an ad is there because a company paid for it, not because it is the best match for your words. If you want information, the ad may not answer your question at all, and scam sites sometimes pay for ads to appear above the real ones.

Example: window bamboo trumpet cloud (three or more random words, better four, that don’t belong together and have nothing to do with the student).
It is strong because it is long, and the words were picked at random, so a guessing program can’t predict them: with four words each picked from 20,000, there are 160 thousand trillion possibilities, which would keep even a very fast guessing computer busy for months, and a fifth word would make it thousands of years. It is also easy to remember with a picture in your head.
The same password shouldn’t be used on two websites because when one website is broken into and its passwords are stolen, thieves try them on many other websites. With one password everywhere, losing one account means losing them all.

Any six: home address; phone number; full date of birth; school and class (or a photo in school uniform); where you are right now; passwords, PINs and OTP codes; birth certificate, citizenship or passport numbers; the family’s bank or wallet details.
Example of why: a home address, or a school with a photo in its uniform, tells a stranger where to find you. (Or: an OTP or password lets someone into your account; a date of birth helps someone pretend to be you.)

• i.Any four: a reward you never entered for (too good to be true); it asks for your PIN; it gives a deadline, “within 2 hours” (hurry); “do not share this offer” (a secret); a link you didn’t ask for; it comes from an unknown number, not from the wallet company.
• ii.Don’t click the link, don’t reply, and never enter or tell your PIN. Tell a parent or another adult. Block and report the number and delete the message (after showing it to an adult). If worried about the account, check it in the wallet’s own app or call the wallet company on its official number.

Tell her to hang up and not read out the code. No real bank ever asks for an OTP; the code is what lets someone into her account or move her money, and the threat that the account will be “closed today” is there to rush her. If she is worried, she can call the bank on the number printed on her card or passbook, or visit the branch. Then help her block the number and tell the bank (and, if any money was lost, the police) about the call.

Examples (any three): calling people names; laughing at someone’s photo; spreading rumors; sharing an embarrassing photo or a private message; leaving someone out on purpose; pretending to be someone else.
To help: don’t join in or share the messages; send the classmate a kind message so they know they aren’t alone; report the messages in the app; and tell a teacher or parent, who can stop it. If the classmate wants, help them take screenshots and block the people doing it.

Any three trusted adults: a parent or guardian, a teacher, an older brother or sister (or another relative). Crimes on the internet are handled by Nepal Police’s Cyber Bureau (any police office will also help).
Keep the proof: screenshots of the messages or posts, the sender’s name, number or account, the links, and the dates. Don’t delete them until an adult has seen them.

4 digits: 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000 PINs.
6 digits: 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 1,000,000 PINs.
1,000,000 ÷ 10,000 = 100 times as many. Each extra digit multiplies the number of possible PINs by 10.

• i.Phishing: someone pretended to be from a company Kabir trusts, to get a code from him.
• ii.No. The thief never had to guess the password: the code let him set a new one, and Kabir gave it away. A strong password stops guessing, not tricks.
• iii.Never telling anyone a code: an OTP is for you to type, never to tell. Kabir could have hung up and checked by calling the company on its official number. No single defense stops every attack; each stops some.