← English Grammar

Punctuation and capital letters

Medium · SAT style

The rules
  • Capital letters begin a sentence and the word I, and names of people, places, days, months, languages and festivals, but not seasons or common nouns: In autumn, my uncle and I celebrate Dashain in Gorkha.
  • Commas separate the items in a list and follow an introductory word, phrase or clause: After lunch, we bought apples, pears, and plums.
  • Extra information that could be left out is set off by a pair of commas or a pair of dashes: Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is busy.
  • No comma comes between a subject and its verb, or between a verb and its object: The girl who won the race thanked her coach.
  • A colon or a dash introduces a list or an explanation, but only after a complete sentence: We need three things: water, soil, and light.
  • An apostrophe shows possession, never a plain plural, and it’s means it is: The students’ books are new, and the school has its own library.
  • In American English, commas and periods go inside quotation marks, and a quoted question keeps its question mark inside: “Is it raining?” asked Mina.

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