Exam practice

An operating system is the main program of a computer or phone. It starts first, keeps running until the device is switched off, and every other program works through it. Its jobs include:

1. starting the device and shutting it down safely;
2. running apps: opening and closing them, and sharing the processor and memory between them;
3. keeping files: saving them on the storage and finding them again;
4. working the hardware: the screen, keyboard, touchscreen, camera, speaker, Wi-Fi and printer;
5. settings and safety: the screen lock, which apps may use the camera or location, and updates.

System software runs the computer itself, so that other programs can work. Examples: the operating system of a phone; the operating system of a computer; the program that lets the computer work a printer.
Application software (apps) does a particular job for the person using the computer. Examples: a web browser, a calculator, a game, a program for writing documents.

leaf-project.docx: C:\Users\Sita\Documents\School\Science\leaf-project.docx
mero-gaun.docx: C:\Users\Sita\Documents\School\Nepali\mero-gaun.docx
Both go through C:, Users, Sita, Documents and School. In School they split: one goes into Science, the other into Nepali.

Many trees are right. One good one:

Grade 6    Science        science-project-leaves.docx    Nepali        nepali-essay-mero-gaun.docx    Math        math-worksheet-fractions.pdf    Trips        Nagarkot            nagarkot-trip-1.jpg            nagarkot-trip-2.jpg

A good tree has one folder for each subject or kind of thing, and names that say what is inside without opening the file.

Copying leaves the file where it was and puts a second, separate copy in the new place: afterwards there are two files. Moving takes it out of the old place and puts it in the new one: there is still only one.
Copy when you want to keep the file where it is as well: for example, to take your project to school on a pen drive (if the pen drive is lost, the copy at home is safe), or to keep a backup.

A good name tells you what is inside without opening the file, so you can find it months later by searching or by looking down a list.
For example: teachers-day-class-photo.jpg, english-essay-dashain.docx, science-report-v3.docx (with a version number, so that the newest is clear).

The Preeti font doesn’t save Nepali letters. It saves English letters, and the font only draws them as Nepali shapes on a computer that has it. Her cousin’s phone doesn’t have the Preeti font, so it shows the English letters that were saved.
Sita should type in Unicode, using the Romanized or Traditional Nepali layout on a computer, or a Nepali keyboard on a phone. Unicode saves the Nepali letters themselves, which every device shows correctly. She can also put her poem through a Preeti-to-Unicode converter.

• Screen reader: helps people who are blind or can’t see well; it reads aloud everything on the screen, and they control the device with gestures or keys.
• Magnifier: helps people who see dimly; it makes part of the screen much bigger.
• Captions: help people who are deaf or hard of hearing; they show the words of speech and videos as text.

(Also: voice control, for people who can’t use their hands easily; bigger text; voice typing.)

1. It makes mistakes, especially with names, unusual words, and in noisy places. Speak clearly and slowly in a quiet place, then read every word and correct it.
2. Your voice is often sent over the internet to the company that makes the keyboard, so it uses data and isn’t private. Don’t dictate anything private, and use it where you have data or Wi-Fi.

1. Use a UPS: when the power goes, it keeps the computer on for a few minutes to save the work and shut down properly, so no work is lost and no files are damaged.
2. Use a voltage stabilizer (or a UPS that steadies the voltage): it keeps the voltage steady when it drops in the evening, which protects the computer.
3. Unplug it in thunderstorms, and plug it into a spike guard: lightning and the power coming back can cause surges that damage it.

Also good: save often with Ctrl + S; keep it in a cool, dust-free place with its vents clear; keep water away.

Any four, such as:

• keep the phone out of heat: not in the sun, on a dashboard, or under a pillow while charging;
• use a good charger, the right kind for the phone;
• lower the screen’s brightness, and turn on the battery saver when it is low;
• switch off Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and location when you don’t need them;
• stop using a phone whose battery has swollen, and have it replaced.