Exam practice

One good tree:

Internal storage    School        Grade 8 (2083)            Science            Computing            Nepali            Math            Exams    Photos        2083            Dashain            Tihar    Documents        Certificates    Downloads

Two choices explained (any two like these): the top folders are by what things are (school work, photos, documents), so each file has an obvious home; the year comes next, so next year’s folder sits beside this year’s and old work is kept, not mixed in; the tree is only three or four levels deep, so nothing is buried; certificates are in Documents, not with school work, because they are needed for years, for forms of every kind; Downloads is only an inbox, emptied every week.

• i.2083-05-03-science-notes-v02.docx
• ii.2083-05-30-class-teej-program.jpg
• iii.2083-06-12-nepali-essay-constitution-v04.docx

Each starts with the date year first with zeros, says what it is in plain words joined by hyphens, and gives the version with two digits.

A list sorted by name compares the names from the left, one character at a time, and the first character that differs decides. Here the first characters are 1 and 9: 1 is smaller, so 14-6-2083 comes first, whatever the month and year. The day, the smallest part, is in the most important place.
Write the year first, then the month, then the day, with zeros: 2083-05-09 and 2083-06-14. Now the year is compared first, then the month, then the day, so sorting by name sorts by date.

The cache is spare copies the app keeps to work faster, such as pictures from a feed or map tiles; the app can fetch them again. The data is what the app keeps for you: your login, settings, and things such as chats or game progress not saved elsewhere.
The cache is safe to clear: nothing of yours is lost, and the app slowly fills it again. Clearing the data logs you out and can lose chats or progress that weren’t backed up.

Safe (any five): look in Storage settings first to find what is big; clear the cache of the biggest apps; delete forwarded videos and big files in chat apps; delete old downloads already used (installers, forms, duplicate PDFs); uninstall apps you don’t use; move photos and videos to a computer, disk or online backup and remove them from the phone after checking the copy; empty the Recently deleted folder.
Not safe (any one): deleting all photos and videos that have no other copy; clearing a chat app’s data; installing a “cleaner” or “booster” app.

A permission is something an app is allowed to use or see on the phone, such as the camera, microphone, location, contacts or messages. The phone asks you before an app gets one, and you can take it back in the settings.

• i.The payment app needs the camera (to scan codes), only while using it. It should not get accessibility control, your contacts unless you want to pay people from them, or your location all the time.
• ii.A torch needs only the camera’s flash, which on most phones needs no permission at all. It should not get your contacts, location, microphone or SMS.
• iii.A map needs your location, only while using it. It doesn’t need your contacts or SMS.

Sync keeps the same files on several devices and online: a change on one, including a deletion, is copied to all. A backup is a separate copy kept apart from the original, ideally with older versions, from which files can be restored.
A synced folder alone isn’t enough because a mistake (a deleted folder, a file saved over, files scrambled by ransomware) is copied to every device. The service’s bin may save you for a while, but a backup kept apart, with old versions, is what makes a loss safe.

No. There are only two copies, not three; the phone and the pen drive are both small flash devices he carries, so they are often together (a stolen bag, a fall into the river can take both), and neither is properly away from where the original is.
A better plan: keep the phone’s photos (copy 1); turn on the phone’s automatic online backup on Wi-Fi (copy 2, away from home); every month, copy the photos to the family computer or an external disk kept at home, not in his bag (copy 3, a different kind of storage). That is 3 copies, on more than one kind of storage, one away. And open a few photos from each copy now and then.

Recovery options are other ways to prove the account is yours when you can’t log in: a recovery email (a second address to send a reset link to), a recovery phone number (to receive a code) and recovery codes (one-time codes kept on paper, for when you don’t have your phone).
They must be set up before, because once you are locked out (a forgotten password, a lost phone, an attacker who changed your password) it is too late to add them: the account can only send codes to the places it already knows. An old number or a forgotten email is as bad as none.

A password manager is an app that keeps all your passwords in a locked, scrambled vault, opened with one master password (or the phone’s lock).
It makes you safer by (any two): making up a long, random, different password for every account; filling it in so you don’t have to remember or type it; filling it only on the real website it was saved for, so a fake page gets nothing; warning about reused, weak or breached passwords.
To use it safely (any one): make the master password strong (four or more random words) and never reuse it; switch on two-step login for the manager’s account; keep the master password and recovery codes written down at home until you know them.

1. Call her number from another phone, in case it was dropped nearby.
2. From another device, use “find my device” to lock the phone with a message (and erase it if it won’t come back).
3. Call her phone company on its official number to block the SIM and get a new one with the same number.
4. Call the wallet company and her bank to block the apps.
5. Change her email password first, then other important passwords, and sign the stolen phone out of her accounts.
6. Report the theft to the police with the phone’s IMEI number.
7. Set up a new phone from her backup.

1. Go to the website’s official account-recovery page, typed in himself, and get back in using his recovery email, phone or codes.
2. Change the password, and that of any account with the same password.
3. Sign out all other devices from the security settings.
4. Check the recovery email and phone, and put back his own if they were changed.
5. Switch on two-step login.
6. Warn his friends, from another account or by phone, not to send money or trust messages from the hacked account.
7. Keep screenshots of the messages, with dates and times, report the account to the website, and report the fraud to Nepal Police’s Cyber Bureau (or any police office). Tell an adult he trusts.

Any five: install updates; set a screen lock (a PIN of six digits or more, and a fingerprint or face); sign in to the main account and set up its recovery options and two-step login; switch on “find my device”; switch on backup on Wi-Fi only; remove or switch off apps you won’t use and check permissions; write down the IMEI (*#06#).
Why (one, for example): a screen lock matters because without it anyone who picks up the phone can open every app, read the codes the bank sends and get into every account; find my device matters because without it a lost phone can’t be located, locked or wiped.