Exam practice

local

modern

older

comfortable and affordable (when a lot of work is done, each job costs less with modern technology, even though the machine itself is expensive)

Technology is the knowledge and skill used to make and use tools and machines. It is used to make our work faster, easier and more comfortable, to do work with less effort, and to make more and better things. For example, a tractor plows a field much faster than a plow.

Local technology: plow, janto, dhiki, doko (also sickle, ghaito, madani, pani ghatta).
Modern technology: tractor, refrigerator, electric iron, computer (also mobile phone, flour mill, induction cooker, washing machine).

• A tractor plows much faster: a big field in hours instead of days.
• It plows deeper and more evenly.
• It needs fewer people and no oxen, which must be fed and cared for all year.
• It can do other jobs too: pull a trailer of goods, run a thresher or a pump.
• More food must be grown for more people, on big farms. So, though the plow works, the tractor was developed to do more work with less effort.

• a.1 is a janto (hand mill), 2 is a pani ghatta (water mill), 3 is an electric flour mill.
• b.The janto and the pani ghatta are local technology; the electric mill is modern technology.
• c.All three grind grain into flour: wheat, maize, millet, barley and buckwheat.
• d.First, people ground grain by hand on the janto, turning the stone with their arm. Then they used the force of flowing water to turn the same kind of stones in the pani ghatta, which grinds more with no human work. Then came electric mills, where a motor turns the grinder: they grind fastest and most, wherever there is electricity.
• e.Before the janto, people probably crushed grain between two stones by hand, or pounded it in a stone or wooden mortar (okhal), or ate grain whole, roasted or boiled. Very old grinding stones like this have been found at ancient sites.
• f.Local technologies need no electricity or fuel, so they work in places with no power and cause no pollution. They are cheap, made from local materials, and can be repaired by local people. They suit Nepal’s steep hills, where machines can’t reach. They give work to local craftspeople, and they keep our culture and skills alive. For example, flour from a pani ghatta is still popular, and the ghatta needs only a stream.

computare

hardware

software

rows and columns (where they cross are cells)

True.

False. The monitor is an output device: it shows the results.

True. Input, processing, output.

False. A spreadsheet is also called a worksheet. PowerPoint makes presentations.

1 is a desktop computer, 2 is a laptop, 3 is a tablet, and 4 is a smartphone.

Computers. All of them take input, process it, give output and store data.

Take a break every 20 minutes and look far away for 20 seconds; limit screen time and play outside; use them in good light with big enough letters; keep the screen at eye level and not too close; sit up straight; and don’t use them at bedtime, while eating or while charging.

• Take short breaks often (the 20-20-20 rule), and don’t use them for hours at a time.
• Don’t use a phone at bedtime, while eating, or while it is charging.
• Don’t work on a small screen, in dim light or with tiny letters.
• Keep the screen at eye level and about an arm’s length away; sit up straight.
• Spend time playing outside and with family, not only on screens.
• Online: never share your password, address or photos with strangers, and tell a grown-up if something online worries you.

In education (online classes, results, presentations), health (patients’ records, test machines), banking (accounts, ATMs, mobile banking), offices (letters, records), business (bills, accounts, online shopping), communication (email, video calls), entertainment (films, music, games), security (police and army records, CCTV), transport (tickets, traffic lights), and science (weather forecasts, space research). There is hardly any field where they are not used.

Yes. All of them work on the same principle as a computer: they take input (from a keyboard, mouse or touchscreen), process it in a CPU, give output (on a screen or speaker), and store data, all run by an operating system. They differ only in size, design and the programs they use.

A computer works on the IPO principle: input, processing and output.

1. Input: the user gives data and instructions through input devices like the keyboard and mouse.
2. Processing: the CPU works on the data, following the program’s instructions.
3. Output: the result is shown to the user through output devices like the monitor, speaker or printer.

The work can also be kept in storage (such as the hard disk) to use again later. For example, when you type 2 + 3 and press Enter in a spreadsheet, the keyboard gives the input, the CPU adds the numbers, and the monitor shows 5.

• Input devices give data and instructions to the computer. Examples: keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, webcam.
• Processing device: the CPU (Central Processing Unit), a chip inside the system unit, which works on the data.
• Output devices give the results to the user. Examples: monitor, speaker, printer, projector.
• Storage devices keep data and programs for later use. Examples: hard disk, pen drive, CD, DVD, Blu-ray disc, cloud storage.

1. Open a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel.
2. Type all the names down one column, in any order (press Enter after each).
3. Select the column of names (click its letter at the top).
4. Click the Data tab, then Sort A to Z.
5. The names are now in alphabetical order. Save the file. (If there are other columns, such as roll numbers or marks, select the whole table first, so that each row stays together.)

I would use Microsoft PowerPoint (or Google Slides).

1. Collect the photos and information about the school, and keep them on the computer.
2. Open PowerPoint and click Blank Presentation. Save it with a name, such as “Our School”.
3. On the title slide, type the school’s name and your name.
4. Add new slides (Insert or Home → New Slide) on its history, teachers, buildings, results and activities.
5. Add photos with Insert → Pictures.
6. Choose a theme on the Design tab, and a simple transition on the Transitions tab.
7. Save the file again. Press F5 to present, and Esc to end.

A spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel.

1. Open Excel. Type the headings in row 1: Roll no., Name, and the subjects.
2. Type 1 and 2 in the first two cells of the Roll no. column, select them and drag the fill handle to number the rest.
3. Type each student’s name and marks in their row. Press Tab to move right and Enter to move down.
4. Make columns wider by double-clicking the line between the column letters.
5. To put them in order, select the whole table and use Data → Sort: by name A to Z, or by marks.
6. Save the file with a clear name, such as “Class 6 marks”.