Exam practice

Good integrity, over time, is the surest way to a good reputation.

A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer: a single 0 or 1. A byte is a group of 8 bits that the computer handles as one unit; one byte can store one letter of text.

In broadband transmission, the digital data is modulated onto carrier waves, as light in optical fibers or as radio waves for 4G and Wi-Fi. Different streams of data use different carrier frequencies, so many signals, for sending and receiving, travel through the same fiber or air at the same time and over long distances. Because so many channels share the medium at once, a very large amount of data flows every second, which is why it is fast. (Speeds are measured in megabits per second with a speed test.)

Any four:

• 1.noise and distortion affect it very little;
• 2.the circuits are more reliable;
• 3.digital circuits are cheaper and easier to design;
• 4.less overlap and cross-talk between signals;
• 5.data can be kept secure by encryption, and compressed;
• 6.error-detecting and error-correcting codes reduce mistakes;
• 7.copies are perfect.

Digital technology has made communication faster, clearer, cheaper and available to far more people.

1. Digital telecommunication: calls connect quickly and sound clear, and many calls share one channel at once, so mobile phones reach almost everyone, even in remote villages.
2. Digital TV: compression fits many channels into the space of one, and satellite (Dish TV) brings clear pictures to remote parts of Nepal.

(Also: the internet, digital media, online payment, e-libraries.)

Any four: digital (and infrared) thermometer, calculator, digital wallet / QR payment, online newspaper, online library, digital camera, smartwatch, digital speedometer, digital calendar, mobile phone.

Positive:

• 1.digital payment: no need to carry cash, and taxes and tickets can be paid from home;
• 2.digital libraries and online learning make books and lessons available anywhere.

Negative:

• 1.too much screen time leads to lack of exercise, obesity, eye strain and poor sleep;
• 2.cybercrime, such as online fraud and cyberbullying, harms people and their reputation.

Digital citizenship is being a responsible citizen (netizen) of the online world: using the internet and digital technology safely, respectfully, honestly and lawfully, with an awareness of one’s rights and duties online.

Any four:

• 1.uses polite, decent language online;
• 2.respects others, even people never met;
• 3.remembers that posts are permanent and thinks before posting;
• 4.respects intellectual property and cites sources;
• 5.checks facts before sharing;
• 6.protects their own and others’ privacy and security.

Online reputation is the impression people form of a person or organization from what they can see of them on the internet: their profile, posts, comments, shares, and what others say about them.
Examples: a student known for sharing accurate science news has a good online reputation; a person whose old rude comments are found by a future employer has a damaged one; a business that answers customers’ complaints quickly on its page earns a good reputation, and the number of its followers shows people’s trust.

Digital wellbeing is the state of being healthy mentally, physically, socially and emotionally by balancing the time spent on online and offline activities, so that the use of technology doesn’t harm overall health.

Good digital wellbeing:

• 1.protects physical health: more exercise and sleep, less eye strain and obesity;
• 2.protects mental and emotional health: less stress, anxiety and addiction;
• 3.improves concentration and study, with fewer distractions;
• 4.keeps real-life relationships with family and friends strong;
• 5.makes us use technology on purpose, as a tool, instead of being used by it.

• 1.Set fixed screen-free times, such as at meals and before sleep.
• 2.Set time limits for social media and games (an app timer helps).
• 3.Turn off notifications while studying or working.
• 4.Take regular breaks, exercise and spend time with people offline.

(Also: keep the phone out of the bedroom at night; use a digital wellbeing app.)

Digital reputation management is the work of building, protecting and improving one’s reputation (or an organization’s) on the internet: posting responsibly, keeping profiles genuine and secure, removing or correcting harmful content, and, for organizations, answering comments and complaints promptly.

• 1.A student keeps the same real name on all profiles, sets strong privacy settings, and regularly shares useful, accurate posts on science.
• 2.A hospital answers patients’ complaints on its social media page quickly and politely, and keeps its official website up to date.

Any four:

• 1.Employers, colleges and scholarship committees often look people up online.
• 2.Posts are permanent, and a careless one can harm a person for years.
• 3.Good security and privacy settings prevent stolen passwords and fake posts in one’s name.
• 4.For an organization, a good reputation brings trust, customers and followers.
• 5.It protects mental health: online attacks on a reputation cause great stress.

• 1.It keeps people connected with family and friends far away, including those working abroad.
• 2.It spreads useful information quickly: news, learning materials, warnings during floods and earthquakes, and lets people share their opinions publicly.

(Also: online business and promotion.)

• 1.Addiction and too much screen time, leading to poor sleep, less study and less time with people face to face.
• 2.Cyberbullying, fake news and rumors, and fraud, which harm people’s reputations and mental health.

Topic: Unit 11, the transformer.
5-minute plan:

1. Opening (30 s): show a phone charger and ask, “How does 230 V become 5 V?”
2. Construction (1 min): film a real transformer (from an old adaptor) or a drawing, and name the core and the two coils.
3. Working (1.5 min): explain mutual induction, with a coil and a compass or LED.
4. The formula and an example (1.5 min): write $N_p/N_s = V_p/V_s$ and solve the router-adaptor example.
5. Summary and a question for viewers (30 s).

Steps: write a short script; gather materials; record each part on a phone held steady (landscape, good light, quiet room); record the voice clearly; copy the clips to a computer.

Making it 3 minutes: in the editor, trim pauses and repeated sentences from each clip, keep only one example, shorten the construction part, then join the clips in order, add titles, and export as an MP4 file.