SEE Model Paper 1

(Any two.)

• a.Private. Addresses starting 192.168 are one of the ranges kept for use inside homes and offices; they never appear on the internet itself.
• b.The message to the website’s server. The subnet mask 255.255.255.0 says the first three numbers are the network part. The printer’s address starts 192.168.1, the same network as the laptop, so the laptop sends to it directly. 142.250.67 is a different network, so the message goes to the default gateway, the router, which sends it on towards the internet.

Any two of:

• PRIMARY KEY: the column identifies each row; no two rows may have the same value, and it can’t be NULL.
• FOREIGN KEY: links the column to the primary key of another table; only values found there are allowed.
• NOT NULL: the column can’t be left empty.
• UNIQUE: every value in the column must be different (NULL is allowed).
• CHECK: every value must pass a condition, such as Marks BETWEEN 0 AND 100.
• DEFAULT: gives the column a value automatically when a new row leaves it out.

• Ramesh’s video has too low a frame rate: the number of frames (still pictures) shown each second, in frames per second (fps). With too few frames each second, the eye sees the separate pictures instead of smooth motion; sport needs 50 or 60 fps.
• Sabina’s video has too low a resolution: the number of pixels in each frame, width × height, such as 1280 × 720. With few pixels, a frame shown large on a big screen can’t show fine detail, so it looks blurred or blocky.

def ticket_price(age):    if age < 12:        return 50    else:        return 100 age = int(input("Enter the visitor's age: "))print("Ticket price: Rs", ticket_price(age))

Enter the visitor's age: 9Ticket price: Rs 50

Lines 1 to 5 define the function, which returns 50 or 100; line 7 reads the age as a whole number, and line 8 calls the function with it and prints the price it returns.

150120

In fare(5), only km is given, so rate takes its default value, 30: 5 × 30 = 150. In fare(rate=40, km=3), both are given as keyword arguments, so their order doesn’t matter: 3 × 40 = 120.

The mistake is on line 2: the file is opened in write mode, "w", which wipes everything in the file the moment it is opened. So each day’s run deletes the earlier days’ numbers and writes only today’s.
The correction is to open it in append mode, "a", which keeps what is already in the file and adds to its end (and creates the file on the first day):

present = input("Students present today: ")f = open("attendance.txt", "a")f.write(present + "\n")f.close()

Students present today: 38

• Virtual reality replaces what you see with a computer-made world, usually through a headset that covers the eyes and follows your head. Example: walking around the Solar System, or a pilot practicing in a flight simulator.
• Augmented reality shows digital pictures and information on top of the real world, through a phone’s camera or special glasses; the real view stays. Example: an app that writes the names of the peaks of the Annapurna range on the phone’s camera picture, or a filter that puts sunglasses on your face.

• a.G2B (government to business): the government is dealing with a business, the hotel, over its tax.
• b.G2G (government to government): one office of government, the ministry, shares data with other levels of government, the municipalities.

Choice (i) is IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): the school rents only the bare hardware and installs and manages everything on it. Choice (ii) is SaaS (Software as a Service): complete software used over the internet, which the provider runs and updates.
Recommended: SaaS. The school has nobody to install, update and secure an operating system and a program on a server; with SaaS the provider does all of that, and the school only enters and checks its results. (The school still looks after its own data: who can see it, and a copy of it.)

a. Network topology is the pattern in which the computers and devices of a network are connected: its shape (bus, star, ring, hybrid).
b.

c. Star, with a switch in the middle. A broken cable or a faulty computer affects only one computer and is easy to find, so the lab keeps running; the switch also lets several computers talk at once at full speed. (Almost every LAN today is a star; bus is an older, cheaper shape.)

a. DDL (Data Definition Language) is the part of SQL that defines and changes the structure of a database: its databases, tables and columns. Any two of:

• CREATE: makes a new database or table;
• ALTER: changes the structure of an existing table, such as adding, deleting or changing a column;
• DROP: deletes a table or a whole database, structure and data, for good;
• TRUNCATE: deletes all the rows of a table but keeps the empty table;
• RENAME: gives a table a new name.

b. DML (Data Manipulation Language) is the part of SQL that works with the data inside the tables. Any two of:

• INSERT: adds new records (rows) to a table;
• SELECT: retrieves data from one or more tables;
• UPDATE: changes data already in a table;
• DELETE: removes records from a table.

• a.The height of a wave, its amplitude, shows how loud the sound is: a bigger vibration makes a taller wave. The width of one wave on the graph is the time it takes, its period; the narrower the waves, the more of them each second (a higher frequency), and the higher the pitch of the note.
• b.While recording and editing: WAV, because it usually stores the sound uncompressed, exactly as recorded, so nothing is lost while she cuts and edits it. To send it: MP3 (or AAC), because it compresses the sound to about a tenth of the size, small enough to send quickly over the internet, and plays almost everywhere.

import pandas as pdimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt df = pd.read_csv("chiya_sales.csv")print("Total cups this week:", df['Cups'].sum())print("Most cups in a day:", df['Cups'].max()) plt.bar(df['Day'], df['Cups'])plt.title("Cups of tea sold each day")plt.xlabel("Day")plt.ylabel("Cups")plt.show()

Total cups this week: 710Most cups in a day: 150

• a.Line 4 reads the CSV file into a DataFrame; df['Cups'] is the Cups column, whose sum() is the week’s total and max() the highest day.
• b.Lines 8 to 12 draw the chart: plt.bar() takes the days for the bars and the cups for their heights, title(), xlabel() and ylabel() label it, and show() displays it.

• a.Supervised learning, because the system learned from labeled data: every training X-ray came with the right answer, “TB” or “no TB”, given by doctors.
• b.Any two:

• Bias: all its training X-rays came from other countries, so it may work less well for patients in Nepal (different machines, different patients), missing TB in some or wrongly marking others.
• Privacy: patients’ X-rays are personal medical data; keeping copies on the company’s servers, perhaps abroad, could leak or misuse them, so patients should know and agree.
• Security: the stored X-rays and the system itself could be hacked, or its data changed (data poisoning), so it decides wrongly.
  c. Any one: a doctor checks every result before anything is decided, so the AI only helps; first test it on X-rays of patients in Nepal whose results are known, and train it further on them if needed; remove names and details from the X-rays before they leave the hospital, with the patients’ consent.